Background: The World Health Organization recommends regular hand hygiene monitoring and feedback to improve hand
hygiene behaviors and health care–associated infection rates. Intelligent technologies for hand hygiene are increasingly being
developed as alternative or supplemental monitoring approaches. However, there is insufficient evidence regarding the effect of
this type of intervention, with conflicting results in the literature.
Objective: We conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the effects of using intelligent technology for hand
hygiene in hospitals.
Methods: We searched 7 databases from inception to December 31, 2022. Two reviewers independently and blindly selected
studies, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias. A meta-analysis was performed using the RevMan 5.3 and STATA 15.1
software. Sensitivity and subgroup analyses were also conducted. Overall certainty of evidence was appraised using the Grading
of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach. The systematic review protocol was registered.
Results: The 36 studies comprised 2 randomized controlled trials and 34 quasi-experimental studies. The included intelligent
technologies involved 5 functions: performance reminders，electronic counting and remote monitoring，data processing，
feedback，and education. Compared with usual care, the intelligent technology intervention for hand hygiene improved health
care workers’ hand hygiene compliance (risk ratio 1.56, 95% CI 1.47-1.66; P