There is a prevailing opinion that conjectural knowledge (zann) cannot be taken as a basis in determining the fundamental theological principles among the theologians. However, from which sources and how to obtain certainty (yaqīn) and which types of knowledge are definitive (qat‘ī) have been discussed extensively. Certain and conjectural knowledge meet at a common point in terms of r…
Ibn ‘Arabī is sometimes regarded as unorthodox, refusing the outward aspects of religion. In fact, Ibn ‘Arabī writes hundreds of pages on the topics of fiqh and is a serious proponent of Sharī’ah as the only way to gain the divine Truth or spiritual realization. He proposes to read the text literally (spiritual literalism). This paper discusses fiqh and an approach of reading Qur…